The Usefulness of Extradural Anterior Clinoidectomy for Lower-Lying Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms : A Cadaveric Study

Hyoung Soo Byoun; Kyu-Sun Choi; Min Kyun Na; Sae Min Kwon; Yong Seok Nam

doi:10.3340/jkns.2023.0184

Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society > Epub ahead of print

Byoun, Choi, Na, Kwon, and Nam: The Usefulness of Extradural Anterior Clinoidectomy for Lower-Lying Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms : A Cadaveric Study

Laboratory Research

Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 2023; jkns.2023.0184.

Published online: December 8, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2023.0184

The Usefulness of Extradural Anterior Clinoidectomy for Lower-Lying Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms : A Cadaveric Study

Hyoung Soo Byoun¹

, Kyu-Sun Choi²

, Min Kyun Na²

, Sae Min Kwon³

, Yong Seok Nam⁴

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Korea

²Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

³Department of Neurosurgery, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

⁴Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Korea

Address for reprints : Yong Seok Nam Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, 120-9 dongsindae-gil, Naju 58245, Korea Tel : +82-61-330-3517, Fax : +82-61-330-3519, E-mail : namys@dsu.ac.kr

Received: August 29, 2023 Revised: November 13, 2023 Accepted: December 5, 2023

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objective

To confirm the usefulness of the extradural anterior clinoidectomy during the clipping of a lower riding posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysm through cadaver dissection.

Methods

Anatomic measurements of 12 adult cadaveric heads (24 sides total) were performed to compare the microsurgical exposure of the PCoA and internal carotid artery (ICA) before and after clinoidectomy. A standard pterional craniotomy and transsylvian approach were performed in all cadavers. The distance from the ICA bifurcation to the origin of PCoA (D1), pre-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the ICA bifurcation to tentorium (D2), post-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the ICA bifurcation to tentorium (D3), pre-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the tentorium to the origin of PCoA (D4) and post-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the tentorium to the origin of PCoA (D5) and the distance of the ICA obtained after anterior clinoidectomy (D6) were measured. We measured the precise thickness of the blade for the Yasargil clip with a digital precision ruler to confirm the usefulness of the extradural anterior clinoidectomy.

Results

Twenty-four sites were dissected from 12 cadavers. The age of the cadavers was 79.83±6.25 years. The number of males was the same as the females. The space from the proximal origin of the PCoA to the preclinoid-tentorium (D4) was 1.45±1.08 mm (max, 4.01; min, 0.56). After the clinoidectomy, the space from the proximal origin of the PCoA to the postclinoid-tentorium (D5) was 3.612±1.15 mm (max, 6.14; min, 1.83). The length (D6) of the exposed proximal ICA after the extradural clinoididectomy was 2.17±1.04 mm on the lateral side and 2.16±0.89 mm on the medial side. The thickness of the Yasargil clip blade used during the clipping surgery was 1.35 mm measured with a digital precision ruler.

Conclusion

The proximal length obtained by performing an external anterior clinoidectomy is about 2 mm, sufficient for proximal control during PCoA aneurysm surgery, considering the thickness of the aneurysm clips. In a subarachnoid hemorrhage, performing an extradural anterior clinoidectomy could prevent a devastating situation during PCoA aneurysm clipping.

Key Words: Aneurysm, posterior communicating artery · Clip · Cadaver · Anterior clinoidectomy.

INTRODUCTION

As various new procedural techniques and endovascular devices have been developed during the endovascular era, the proportion of endovascular treatments (EVTs) in treating cerebral aneurysms has increased [5,9,10,15,18-20]. In addition, as the use of antiplatelet agents and their long-term follow-up results have been reported, EVTs for cerebral aneurysms could have been implemented more reliably [1,7,8,12,16].

However, microsurgical clipping is still considered the primary treatment of cerebral aneurysms when EVTs cannot be performed, or microsurgical clipping has a relatively low risk. Proximal control greatly affects the success of microsurgical clipping surgery. When performing manipulations around the cerebral aneurysm, proximal control can reduce the risk of intraoperative aneurysm rupture by reducing the tension of the aneurysm wall. In case of an aneurysm rupture, we can obtain a clear surgical field and increase the accuracy of the aneurysm ligation through proximal control. In particular, for proximal control during microsurgical clipping of the posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysm, the anatomical relationships between the anterior clinoid process (ACP) and other structures should be carefully considered. When proximal control is difficult due to the ACP, disaster can be prevented by securing the proximal portion from the posterior communicating segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) through ACP removal or exposing the ipsilateral neck to trap the proximal ICA for proximal control.

A tailored intradural anterior clinoidectomy is a useful method to obtain a more proximal portion of the ICA to make proximal control precisely. However, it has some risks during the procedure in the case of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) considering unclear surgical field, unstable condition of the aneurysm and so on [6,26,30].

The purpose of this study was to confirm the usefulness of the extradural anterior clinoidectomy during clipping of a lower riding PCoA aneurysm through cadaver dissection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anatomic measurements of 12 adult cadaveric heads (24 sides total) were performed to compare the microsurgical exposure of the PCoA and ICA before and after clinoidectomy. Formalin-fixed human cadaveric heads were prepared with permission from the Department of Anatomy and the Institute for Applied Anatomy at The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. All human tissues were secured in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

A standard pterional craniotomy and trans-Sylvian approach were performed in all cadavers. After sphenoid ridge flattening, proximal sylvian fissure splitting was performed to separate the frontal and temporal lobe. The distal portion of the ICA came into view. The dissection was continued to confirm the ICA bifurcation, the communicating segment of the ICA and the origin of the PCoA. The most proximal portion of the ICA contact with the tentorium protruded by the ACP was marked. The lengths were measured between the ICA bifurcation and the origin of the PCoA, the ICA bifurcation and the tentorium contacting the communicating segment of the ICA for both the lateral and medial aspects.

Then, extradural clinoidectomy was performed using highspeed drilling. After the extradural clinoidectomy, we measured the additional exposure of the proximal portion of the communicating segment of the ICA for both the lateral and medial aspects (Fig. 1).

The distance from the ICA bifurcation to the origin of the PCoA (D1), the pre-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the ICA bifurcation to the tentorium (D2), the post-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the ICA bifurcation to the tentorium (D3), the pre-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the tentorium to the origin of the PCoA (D4), and the post-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the tentorium to the origin of the PCoA (D5), and the distance of the ICA obtained after anterior clinoidectomy (D6) were measured (Fig. 2).

We measured the precise thickness of the blade for the Yasargil clip with a digital precision ruler to confirm the usefulness of the extradural anterior clinoidectomy (Fig. 3).

Statistical analysis

The data are reported as the mean±standard deviation. A pvalue of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).

RESULTS

Twenty-four sites were dissected from 12 cadavers. The age of the cadavers was 79.83±6.25 years. The number of males was the same as the females.

The distance (D1) from the ICA bifurcation to the proximal origin of the PCoA on the lateral side of the ICA was 7.43±1.65 mm. The distances (D2) from the ICA bifurcation to the tentorium measured before ACP removal were 8.88±1.81 mm (lateral side) and 9.43±1.96 mm (medial side). The distances (D3) from the ICA bifurcation to the tentorium measured again after the extradural clinoidectomy were 11.05±1.67 mm (lateral side) and 11.60 ± 1.74 mm (medial side).

The space from the proximal origin of the PCoA to the preclinoid-tentorium (D4) was 1.45±1.08 mm (max, 4.01; min, 0.56). After the clinoidectomy, the space from the proximal origin of the PCoA to the postclinoid-tentorium (D5) was 3.612±1.15 mm (max, 6.14; min, 1.83). The length (D6) of the exposed proximal ICA after the extradural clinoididectomy was 2.17±1.04 mm on the lateral side and 2.16±0.89 mm on the medial side (Table 1).

The thickness of the Yasargil clip blade used during the clipping surgery was 1.35 mm, measured with a digital precision ruler (Fig. 3).

DISCUSSION

Anatomical consideration

The supraclinoid portion of the ICA begins where the artery passes above the ACP to enter the subarachnoid space and terminate at the ICA bifurcation, and its average length is 14.8±3.0 mm. We measured the distance from the ICA bifurcation to the point where the ICA view becomes obstructed by the ACP for both the lateral and medial ICA aspects. The mean values (D2) were 8.88±1.81 mm (lateral side) and 9.43±1.96 mm (medial side). Those values were smaller than the previously reported values. Evans et al. [3] reported that the mean value of the ICA length before removing the ACP was 10.5±2.4 mm. Kim and Kang [13] also reported that the mean values of the supraclinoid ICA was 11.9±2.3 mm.

Racial differences and the shrunken arterial state during specimen preparation might cause differences in the measured length in previous reports.

Extradural anterior clinoidectomy for proximal control

After ACP removal, D3 was 11.05±1.67 mm (lateral side) and 11.60±1.74 mm (medial side). The additional lengths obtained through the ACP removal from both sides were 2.17±1.04 mm (lateral side) and 2.16±0.89 mm (medial side). The width of the clip blade was 1.35 mm for the Yasargil clip, mainly used for aneurysm clipping, and the L-clip was 1.20 mm.

The distance from the ICA bifurcation to the PCoA orifice was 7.43±1.65 mm, and from the PCoA origin to the tentorium was 1.45±1.08 mm. In 50% of the 24 sides of the 12 cadavers, there was not enough space to apply the temporary clip for proximal control. In these cases, the distance from the PCoA orifice to the tentorium was less than 1.35 mm.

Considering our results obtained through the cadaver study, sufficient space (about 2 mm) to carry out proximal control during clipping surgery could be obtained through only ACP removal.

The width of the clip blade currently used is 1.35 mm for the Yasargil clip and 1.20 mm for the L-clip.

If the distance from the PCoA orifice to the tentorium can be secured wider than the thickness of the clip blade, safe clipping for proximal control will be possible.

Considering our results obtained through cadaveric dissection, the length of the ICA exposed when only the ACP was removed was about 2 mm, which can sufficiently satisfy this condition.

Radiologic consideration for proximal control for PCoA aneurysm surgery

In the case of clipping for a PCoA aneurysm, radiological evaluations that required ACP removal have been reported in some studies. The distances from the ACP tip to the aneurysmal proximal neck on the sagittal plane (<4.0 to 5.6 mm), from the ACP line to the aneurysmal proximal neck (≤0.5 to 2.0 mm), and an angle between the perpendicular line to the cranial base, and the axis of the communicating ICA (C7) with a greater angle between C7 and ophthalmic ICA (tortuosity of ICA) were the factors in which ACP removal was required [11,21,24,25].

In addition to these reports, the distance of the ICA bifurcation-PCoA orifice measured in this study can be considered the other reference when deciding whether to remove the ACP. The distance from the ICA bifurcation to the tentorium (lateral side) (8.88±1.81 mm) and the distance from the ICA bifurcation to the proximal margin of the PCoA (7.43±1 mm) measured in this study were helpful to decide whether to perform ACP removal considering the width of the clips (1.20-1.35 mm).

The first consideration for proximal control during clipping surgery is the calcification of the vessel wall. Because, even if there is sufficient space for proximal control, severe calcification can cause the temporary clip to fail to apply or cause vascular injury [22]. If the significant vessel wall calcification is found on preoperative brain computed tomography angiography, it is safe to consider a neck exposure for proximal control. The second consideration is the relationship between the ACP and aneurysm. The shorter distances from the ACP tip to the aneurysmal proximal neck (<5.6 mm) and the ACP line to the aneurysmal proximal neck (<2.0 mm) are considered important factors for ACP removal during clipping surgery on previous studies [11,21,22,24,25]. According to our results, even if the effect of soft tissue surrounding the ACP is considered, the proximal distance secured by ACP removal in the actual surgical field of view (average 2 mm) is sufficient for proximal control. Therefore, the distance from the ACP tip to the origin of the PCoA also can be considered for ACP removal during clipping surgery.

Anterior clinoidectomy vs. anterior petroclinoid fold (APF) resection

According to a report from Helsinki, it was reported that an additional space of 2-3 mm could be secured with coagulation of the dura covering the ACP without ACP removal [30]. Other reports demonstrated that APF resection had several advantages, such as a simple and time-saving procedure during lower-lying PCoA aneurysm surgery, reducing the risk of damaging the surrounding neurovascular structure, avoiding cerebrospinal fluid leakage (CSF) leakage or pneumocephalus, and unnecessarily of exposing the proximal ICA to prepare proximal control [14,17,23].

However, the risk of intraoperative rebleeding by retraction or manipulation during the clipping of a ruptured aneurysm is higher than that of an unruptured aneurysm. Therefore, proximal control is more important in the case of SAH. The disadvantage is that it can be secured from the lateral side.

Coagulation of the dura covering the ACP and the APF resection had a disadvantage compared to ACP removal in proximal control. When ACP removal was performed, about 2 mm of space was secured on both the medial and lateral sides. Therefore, if the origin of the PCoA and the direction of the aneurysm are returned to the ventral side, it will help to apply the temporary and permanent clips safely.

Intradural vs. extradural anterior clinoidectomy

There are several advantages for intradural anterior clinoidectomy during clipping surgery, including a direct view and protection of adjacent neurovascular structures, usefulness with ACP variations such as an interclinoid osseous bridge and caroticoclinoid foramen. Additionally, we can reduce the surgical time and unnecessary procedures using a tailored anterior clinoidectomy (partial or subtotal removal of the ACP) [27,29,31]. However, an intradural anterior clinoidecotomy has the risk of a power drill-induced injury to adjacent structures and bone dust collection in the subarachnoid space [27,29]. Especially, there is insufficient time to perform an anterior clinoidectomy, and it has an unclear surgical view in SAH.

An external anterior clinoidectomy may be considered safe if ACP removal is necessary during clipping surgery for a ruptured PCoA aneurysm. A devastating situation can occur if a ruptured PCoA aneurysm rebleeds before the anterior clinoidectomy is completed. Possible complications can occur after an external dural clinoidectomy, including third cranial nerve injury, CSF, pneumocephalus and decreased vision [4,27,28,30,31]. However, an external anterior clinoidectomy is safer than an intradural anterior clinoidectomy in terms of dural protection for the adjacent neurovascular structures, no bone dust collection in the intradural space, and a relatively clear surgical field during the procedure in a SAH.

There are several precautions to prevent complications while performing an external anterior clinoidectomy. First, the ACP should be centrally shelled or hollowed out using a diamond drill so that the walls can be easily fractured and circumferentially dissected free of the surrounding dural folds. During drilling, continuous irrigation should be performed. Sometimes, it is better to use ultrasonic bone aspirators, having no rotating components, which are presented as a more stable and safer method [2]. Second, en bloc removal of the ACP should be avoided as much as possible, as it would likely require additional extradural manipulation. The risk imposed by this action involves damage to the oculomotor nerve, which runs close to the lateral undersurface of the ACP [31]. Third, bleeding from the anterior part of the roof of the cavernous sinus may occur, but it is easy to control using oxycellulose with cotton sponge compression. However, it is easy to damage the oculomotor nerve by tight packing in this area [28].

Limitations of the study

There are some limitations in our study. First, this study used an experimental design with cadaver dissection. Cadaveric tissues lack elasticity and have a shorter length than living tissues, which may cause errors in actual measurements. Because this study focused on the bone (ACP), there would be fewer measurement errors. Second, there are racial differences in structures, including the size and shape of the head, length of the intracranial vessels, and size of the ACP. Our results do not reflect a non-Asian head anatomy. However, this study can be used as one of the references for surgery of lower-lying PCoA aneurysms in Asians.

CONCLUSION

The proximal length obtained by performing an external anterior clinoidectomy is about 2 mm, sufficient for proximal control during PCoA aneurysm surgery, considering the thickness of the aneurysm clips. If sufficient space for proximal control is not ensured through radiological examination before the PCoA aneurysm clipping surgery, surgery can be performed through APF resection or anterior clinoidectomy. In SAH, performing an extradural anterior clinoidectomy might prevent a devastating situation during lower-lying PCoA aneurysm clipping.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Informed consent

This type of study does not require informed consent.

Author contributions

Conceptualization : YSN; Data curation : HSB; Formal analysis : HSB; Methodology : YSN, HSB; Project administration : HSB, KSC; Visualization : HSB; Writing - original draft : HSB; Writing - review & editing : KSC, MKN, SMK

Data sharing

None

Preprint

None

Fig. 1.

Microscopic view of (A) intradural surgical field before extradural anterior clinoidectomy, (B) extradural surgical field after extradural anterior clinoidectomy, and (C) intradural surgical field after extradural anterior clinoidectomy after left pterional approach. The purple line on the internal carotid artery is the tentorial margin before the extradural anterior clionoidectomy.

Fig. 2.

Comparative illustration of the intradural surgical field (A) before and (B) after the extradural anterior clinoidectomy. The blue dotted line is the margin of the anterior clinoid process (ACP) before the extradural anterior clinoidectomy. D2L : lateral side of distance 2, Pcom : posterior communicating artery, D1 : distance 1, D4 : distance 4, M : middle cerebral artery, A1 : A1 portion of the anterior cerebral artery, D2M : medial side of distance 2, D3L : lateral side of distance 3, D5 : distance 5, D3M : medial side of distance 3.

Fig. 3.

Digital precision ruler to measure the thickness of the aneurysm clip blade.

Table 1.

The basic characteristic of the 24 side of the 12 cadavers

	Medial side	Lateral side	p-value
D1 (ICAB-Pc)		7.43±1.65
D2 (ICAB-Te1)	9.43±1.96	8.88±1.81	0.314
D3 (ICAB-Te2)	11.60±1.74	11.05±1.67	0.268
D4 (Te1-Pc)		1.45±1.08
D5 (Te2-Pc)		3.612±1.15
D6 (D3-D2)	2.16±0.89	2.17±1.04	0.991

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. D : distance (mm), ICAB : internal carotid artery bifurcation, Pc : posterior communicating artery origin, Te1 : tentorium before anterior clinoid process removal, Te2 : tentorium after anterior clinoid process removal

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