Neuroprotective Effect of Resveratrol on Acute Brain Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Measuring Annexin V, p53, Bcl-2 Levels in Rats

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Cerebral ischemia is as a result of insufficient cerebral blood flow for cerebral metabolic functions. Stroke is the second leading cause of long-term disability and death worldwide67). Oxidative stress and inflammation have an important role in cerebral infarction which mediated by ishemia and reperfusion1826). Reperfusion injury stimulates many pathological mechanisms such as leukocyte infiltration, oxidative stress, inflammation, destruction of blood-brain barrier, platelet activation, nitric oxide release, and apoptosis293134). Consequently, a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mediators may be beneficial in the treatment of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Mitochondria produces ATP, is essential for cell function, and plays an important role in response to oxidative stres8). Energy failure is due to insufficient ATP for a cell to maintain its cellular functions or defenses against oxidative stresses32). Pathological events like ischemia cause necrosis but can also induce apoptosis20). Severe oxidative stress causes necrosis, and milder stress causes apoptosis. Increased oxidative stress cause reduced ATP production in mitochondria, and this releases cytochrome C an AIF, which leads to apoptosis.

Recent researches prove that activation of the cysteine protease caspases is critical for apoptosis in ischemia-induced brain injury21). During apoptosis caspases are activated in the intracellular region and leads to degradation of cellular constituents; finally leading to cell death. Caspase-3 is believed to be the main executioner protease of apoptotic caspase36).

Resveratrol is a natural phytoalexin that can be extracted from grape's skin. Resveratrol was reported to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiaging, control of cell cycle, and apoptosis112849). Earlier reports suggested that antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents had potent role in treating the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury549). Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are associated with some neurologic disorders. Annexins are a family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. The potent anticoagulant activity of annexin V is derived from its inhibitory effect on prothrombin activation3242). Antiannexin V antibody (aAV) has an important role in trombotic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome12) aAV plays a role in cerebral thrombotic events by inhibiting the anticoagulant activity of annexin V16).

p53 is an important modulator of cell death and survival, and its inhibition could be a therapeutic approach to several neuropathologies9). Bcl-2, a gene located at chromosome 18q21, blocks apoptosis without affecting cellular proliferation. Increases in the expression of bcl-2 stop apoptosis and inhibits neuron death. p53 induced apoptosis activate Bax and cause neuronal apoptosis41). Bcl-2 is a distinguished anti-apoptotic protein that binds to Bax to inhibit apoptosis24). p53 induced downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax promote cytochrome C release from the mitochondria and caspase-3 activation causes cell death1435).

In this study we have aimed to show the effects of resveratrol with the comparison results of annexin V, p53, Bcl-2 levels after ischemia in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All experimental procedures and animal care were in accordance with the guidelines of Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine. The experimental protocols used in this study were also approved by the Animal Experimental Ethic Committee of Eskişehir Osmangazi University (Date and decision number : 25.07.2013, 351).

Rat Annexin V ELISA kit (sc 4252-AK, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, TX, USA), rat p53 ELISA kit (Cloud-Clone Corp., Houston, TX, USA), rat Bcl-2 ELISA kit (Cloud-Clone Corp., Houston, TX, USA) and resveratrol (Sigma-Aldrich, St, Louis, MO, USA) were used for measuring the serum levels of these apoptotic markers.

All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used. In the present study, 50 Sprague-Dawley female rats (250-300 g weight) were used. The rats were monitored at a suitable temperature (21±2℃) and moist environment (60±5% humidity). Rats was observed in this environment for one week before starting the experiment to adapt to the environment.

The animals included in the study were divided into five groups (Table 1). Group I, Sham, no ischemia (n=10), Group II : bilateral carotid artery (BCA) occlusion for 30 min (n=10), no resveratrol; Group III, BCA occlusion for 30 min; followed by 20 mg/kg resveratrol i.p. (n=10) followed by reperfusion for 24 h (n=10); Group IV, BCA occlusion for 30 min, followed by 40 mg/kg resveratrol i.p. (n=10); Group V, BCA occlusion for 30 min, followed by DMSO (solvent).

Table 1

Groups of the study

Experimental induction of global cerebral infarction

In this experimental study, we preferred a model of global cerebral infarction which was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion method (Fig. 1)10).

Fig. 1

Rat carotid artery.

Rats were anesthetized with thiopental sodium (30 mg/kg). Cervical vertebrae and the common carotid arteries were then exposed and carefully separated from the vagus nerve. These arteries were occluded for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 4 h. The rectal temperature was maintained at 37±0.5 ℃ with a feedback-controlled heating pad. animals which did not lose the righting reflex or which convulsed during the ischemic episode were excluded.

RESULTS

After resveratrol administration, Bcl-2 levels were significantly increased when compared to the ishemia group (p<0.001). Depending on the dose of resveratrol, we have observed that Bcl-2 levels increase. We have found that the solvent did not change Bcl-2 levels (Fig. 2). p53 levels were significantly increased in ishemia group, so apoptosis is higher compared to other groups. Depending on the dose of resveratrol, we observed that p53 levels decrease so the apoptosis (Fig. 3). Our data revealed that Annexin V levels were significantly increased in ischemia group compared to other groups. However, depending on the dose of resveratrol dsaAnnexin V levels did not change (Fig. 4, Table 2).

Fig. 2

Comparison of the serum Bcl 2 levels in the groups (ANOVA, p<0.001).

Fig. 3

Comparison of the serum p53 levels in the groups (ANOVA, p<0.001).

Fig. 4

Comparison of the serum Annexin V levels in the groups (Kruskal-Wallis one way, p<0.001).

Table 2

Comparison of the serum Annexin V levels in the groups (Kruskal-Wallis one way, p<0.001)

DISCUSSION

The annual incidence of stroke around the world is 15 million, with a mortality of 5 million and permanent sequelae, disability and dependency on others of 5 million patients23). It is estimated that the stroke rate will rise significantly in the future45). During the stroke, several mechanisms are responsible for the neuronal injury including increased excitotoxicity, calcium overload, formation of free radicals and inhibition of protein synthesis3346). During ischemia/reperfusion, resveratrol modulate the neurotransmitters and neuromodulator protects the brain from ischemia17). Li et al.18) showed that treatment with resveratrol improve neurological function and decrease infarct volume as compared to ischemia rats. The neuroprotective mechanism of resveratrol are not clarified and further investigation must be conducted18). Apoptosis, inflammatory response, and free radical formation are responsible for the neuronal cell death. Apoptosis, a programmed cell death, activated by the cell ischemia1). A family of proteases known as caspases plays an important role in apoptosis. There are two ways of caspase activation : cell death receptor mediated and mitochondrial. The Bcl-2 family includes both antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, A1/Bfl1, Boo/Diva, Bcl-w, Mcl-1, Nrf3) and proapoptotic proteins (Bax, Bak, Bok/Mtd)17). Cytochrome C induces cell death by activation of caspase 9 and 3 in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis4). The mitochondrial release of cytochrome C in brain ischemia is caused by proapototic Bax gene, but it's not the only way of apoptosis. Apoptosis can be activated in the absence of caspase activity. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), which is found in the mitochondrial intermembranous space, releases as a result of absence of ATP, causing apoptosis3).

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents can limit the reperfusion injury during the ishemia13153348). Some research showed that resveratrol has a neuroprotective effects in rats293947). There is no standard treatment for the reperfusion injury. Oxidative stress and inflammation have an important role in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury1530). Resveratrol has a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemic models3944). Resveratrol can prevent a wide variety of conditions including cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes and neurological disorders 22543). Resveratrol exerts multiple biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antiplatelet and potent antioxidant effects411).

The present study indicates that resveratrol presents a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemic rats by measuring Annexin 5, p53, and bcl-2. Li et al.19) indicated that resveratrol attenuates ischemic neuronal apoptosis by up regulating bcl-2. In our study after resveratrol administration, Bcl-2 levels were significantly increased when compared to the ishemia group. Shin et al.38) showed that in the ischemic brain, resveratrol modulate the proteins and protects the brain. Annexin 5 has been extensively used as an indicator of early apoptosis due to its inherent property of selectively interacting with phosphatidyl serine. The physiologic functions of Annexin 5 include suppression of blood coagulation and platelet aggregation by occlusion of exposed PS from access by coagulation factors37). In our study we found that Annexin V levels were significantly increased in ischemia group compared to other groups. However, depending on the dose of resveratrol Annexin V levels did not change. Resveratrol affects the activation of a variety of intracellular signal pathways. Molchadsky et al.27) showed that resveratrol induces p53 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs ). Unlike Molchadsky et al.27), Zheng et al.50) showed that p53 decreased myocardin expression; hence inhibited differentiation from mesenchymal cells to smooth muscle cells. We observed that p53 levels decreases after the administration of resveratrol. Orsu et al.30) indicated that resveratrol showed significant cerebroprotective action mediated by anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Lu et al.22) suggest that resveratrol prepared by RES loaded nanoparticles shows enhanced neuron protection against oxidative stress in cultured neurons exposed to H₂O₂ both in a short time and in longer time treatment over bax and bcl 2 genes.

In conclusion, we suggest that resveratrol is a natural drug with minimal side effects and it might be effective medical theraphy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

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