Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society is the official journal of the Korean Neurosurgical Society, and published monthly. This Journal publishes important papers covering the whole field of neurosurgery, including studies in neuroscience, neurology, and molecular biology. Studies on rare cases and technical notes of special instruments or equipment that might be useful to the field of neurosurgical science are also acceptable. Papers, to be accepted, will include original work (clinical and laboratory research), case reports, surgical notes, review articles, letters to the editor, etc. Review articles can be published upon specific request by the journal. Authors can publish special drafts with the approval from the editorial board. Case reports should be brief, and avoid an extensive review of the literature.

It should be assured that authors must not simultaneously submit an identical or similar paper for publication elsewhere. Multiple publication is acceptable only in the case of meeting the criteria of Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (Ann Intern Med 108 : 258-265, 1988). Manuscripts must be prepared in accordance with Uniform requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journal developed by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (February 2006).

All manuscripts must be written in English. Authors should minimize the use of English abbreviations. Spell out all abbreviations at first occurrence, and then introduce them by placing the abbreviation in parenthesis after the term being abbreviated. Manuscripts for the Letters to the Editor can be either in English or Korean.
Abbreviation should be avoided as possible as one can. When it is used, full expression of the abbreviation following abbreviated word in parentheses should be given at first use. All units should be given in metric system (The International System of Units : SI units).

Authors are requested to submit their papers electronically by using online manuscript submission available at http://kns.neurosurgery.or.kr/. This site will guide authors stepwise through the submission process. Authors can upload their articles as Microsoft (MS) Word, or Hangeul 2003 or higher version files. Authors, reviewers, and editors send and receive all correspondence by e-mail and no paper correspondence is necessary.

Upon submission of a manuscript, authors should send a copyright release/author agreement form (http://jkns.or.kr) by Fax to editorial office. Author checklist (http://jkns.or.kr)

Author information - The list of the authors in the manuscript should include only those who were directly involved in the process of the work. Authors can refer to the guideline by Harvard University in 1999 to find details on authorship (http://www.hms.harvard.edu/integrity/authorship.html).

The manuscript should be composed of approximately 6,000 English words (not to exceed 10 pages of the journal) for clinical and laboratory studies, 3,000 English words for case reports and technical notes (not to exceed 5pages of the journal). It should be composed of 300 Korean words or 600 English words for letters to the editor. Manuscript should be typed in A4 size white paper with double spaced (200%), and font size of 11 point or larger with margins of 3 cm on each side.

The editorial board will make a decision on the approval for publication of the submitted manuscripts, and can request any further corrections, revisions, and deletions to the article text if necessary.

Authors will receive English editorial comments from the journal upon acceptance of their paper. When the English correction is completed based on the comments, the accepted manuscript should be supplied as a file (Microsoft Word 2003 or Hangeul Word Processor version 2003 or higher) via e-mail (jypark@kumc.or.kr). The file should include the name of first author, manuscript ID number, and title of manuscript.

Title page
The title page should be composed of external and internal title pages.

a)

The external title page should contain the article title, and full names of all authors with their institutional affiliations in English. The type of manuscript (clinical research, laboratory study, case report) should be also addressed. When the work includes multiple authors with different affiliations, the institution where the research was mainly conducted should be spelled out first, then be followed by foot notes in superscript Arabic numerals beside the authors' names to describe their affiliation in a consecutive order of the numbers. Then, mark the running head as not to exceed 65 characters in English. The external title page should also contain the address, telephone and facsimile numbers, and e-mail address of the corresponding author at the bottom of the page, as well as information on the previous presentation of the manuscript in conferences and funding resources, if necessary.

b)	The internal title page should only contain the article title in English. The internal title page must not contain any information on the names and affiliations of the authors.

Manuscript format
The article should be organized in the order of title, abstract (Objective, Methods, Results, and Conclusion sections should be included in clinical or laboratory research, but are not necessary in other types of studies), introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusions, references, tables, and figures or illustrations. In case reports, materials and methods and results can be replaced with cases.

Abstract
All manuscripts must contain an abstract. A list of key words, with a maximum of six items, should be included at the end of the abstract. The selection of Key Words should be based on Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of Index Medicus and the Web site (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html). The abstract should include brief descriptions on the objective, methods, results, and conclusion as well as a detailed description of the data. An abstract containing 250 words or less is required for original articles and 200 words for case reports. Abstracts for clinical and laboratory studies should begin with the statement of the paper's purpose and end with conclusions. Abstracts for other types of papers should begin with a brief and clear statement of the paper's purpose, and be followed by appropriate details that support the conclusions of the paper.

Introduction
The introduction should address the purpose of the article concisely, and include background reports mainly relevant to the purpose of the paper (detailed review of the literature should be addressed in the discussion section).

Materials and Methods
the article in order, as well as the data analysis strategies and control of bias in the study. Enough details need to be addressed in the methodology section of an experimental study so that it can be further replicated by others.
When reporting experiments with human subjects, the authors should indicate whether they received an approval from the Institutional Review Board for the study. When reporting experiments with animal subjects, the authors should indicate whether the handling of the animals was supervised by the research board of the affiliated institution or a similar one. Photographs disclosing patients must be accompanied by a signed release form from the patient or family permitting publication.
We endorse the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and expect that all investigations involving human materials have been performed in accordance with these principles. For animal experiment, “the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals” approved by the American Physiological Society have to be observed. Explanation of the experimental methods should be concise and sufficient for repetition by other qualified investigators. Procedures that have been published previously should not be described in detail. However, new or significant modifications of previously published procedures need full descriptions. The sources of special chemicals or preparations should be given along with their location (name of company, city and state, and country). Method of statistical analyses and criteria of significance level should be described. In Case Reports, case history or case description replace the Materials and Methods section as well as Results section. Please inform us the approved number of IRB when you submit the manuscript.

Results
The authors should describe logically their results of observations and analyses performed using methodology given in the previous section and provide actual data. For biometric measurements in which considerable amount of stochastic variation exists a statistical treatment should be used in principle. The result section should include sorely the findings of the current study, and not refer to previous reports. While an effort should be made to avoid overlapping descriptions by Tables and by main text, important trends and points in the Table should be described in the text. Experimental results should be described using Arabic numbers and the SI unit system.

Discussion
Discussions about the findings of the research and interpretations in relation to other studies are made. It is necessary to emphasize the new and critical findings of the study, not to repeat the results of the study presented in the previous sections. The meaning and limitation of observed facts should be described, and the conclusion should be related to the objective of the study only when it is supported by the results of the research. It is encouraged for the authors to use subheadings in the discussion section so that the readers can follow the logical flow of the authors' thought.

Tables, figures, and illustrations
Tables and figure legends should be included below the references pages at the end of the paper, but figures should be submitted separately from the text of paper.
Table should be simple and should not duplicate information in figures. Title all tables and number them with arabic numerals in the order of their citation. Type each table on a separate sheet. Describe all abbreviations. Each column should have an appropriate heading, and if numerical measurements are given, the unit should be added to column heading. The significance of results should be indicated by appropriate statistical analysis. Table footnotes should be indicated with superscript markings. When remarks are used to explain items of the table, the markers should be given in the order of *, †, ‡, §,Ⅱ.
Photographs should be submitted individually (Namely, if Figure 1 is divided into A, B, C and D, do not combine it into one, but submit each of them separately). Authors should submit figures in black and white if they want them to be printed in black and white. Authors are responsible for any additional costs of producing color figures.
Figures should be named author's surname_fig1.jpg or author's surname_fig1.tif. Total file size of all figures should not exceed 5MB for review purpose. If your figures are more than 5 MB in total, upload the figures after reducing the file size within 5MB. If your manuscript is accepted for publication, editorial office requests you to upload figure files of highest quality for printing.
The files should have following resolutions for printing : line art at 1200 dpi, combination half-tones at 600 dpi, and half-tones (gray scale or color without type or lettering) at 300 dpi. If the quality of the photographs is considered as inappropriate for printing, re-submission of them can be requested by the journal. Tables, graphs, figures, and photographs should be used only when necessary.
Cover illustrations : Of their works, authors can submit art to be considered as a cover illustration along with the article. The cover illustration is produced using the same criteria applied to the other figures, and photographs in an identical way as it is for the figures as well.

Letters to the editor or commentary letters
Authors can submit a sound critic or opinion for the specific article published in the journal, topic of general interest to neurosurgeons, personal view on a specific scientific issue, departmental announcements or changes, conference schedules, or other information of the clinical fields.

Before submitting the manuscript, authors should double-check all requirements noted in the agreement form regarding the registration and copyrights of their manuscript. A manuscript that does not fit the author instructions of the journal regarding format and references will be returned to the authors for further correction.

The page numbers in the manuscript should be counted from the page with the abstract, and the name and affiliation of the authors should not appear thereafter.

Review articles should also undergo the review process.

Special articles are devoted to providing updated reports by specialists in various fields or significant issues (e.g. history of the field) for the members of the society.

Once a manuscript is accepted for publication by the journal, it will be sent to the press, and page proofs will be sent to authors. Authors must respond to the page proofs as soon as possible after making necessary corrections of misspellings, and the location of the photographs, figures or tables. Authors can make corrections for only typing errors, and are not allowed to make any author alteration or substantive changes of the text. Proofs must be returned to the press within 72 hours of receipt. No response from the authors within this time frame will lead the publication of the proof read without corrections, and the editorial board is not responsible for any mistakes or errors occurring in this process.